![]() The spread of Islam to the northeastern tip of the Arabian Peninsula is thought to have followed directly from a letter sent by the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, to the rulers of Oman in 630 CE. From the second century CE, there was a movement of tribes from Al Bahreyn towards the lower Gulf, together with a migration among the Azdite Qahtani (or Yamani) and Quda'ah tribal groups from south-west Arabia towards central Oman. ![]() In ancient times, Al Hasa (today's Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia) was part of Al Bahreyn and adjoined Greater Oman (today's UAE and Oman). From 1,200 BCE to the advent of Islam in Eastern Arabia, through three distinctive Iron Ages and the Mleiha period, the area was variously occupied by the Achaemenids and other forces, and saw the construction of fortified settlements and extensive husbandry thanks to the development of the falaj irrigation system. There are six periods of human settlement with distinctive behaviours in the region before Islam, which include the Hafit period from 3,200 to 2,600 BCE, the Umm Al Nar culture from 2,600 to 2,000 BCE, and the Wadi Suq culture from 2,000 to 1,300 BCE. Sumerian sources talk of the Magan civilisation, which has been identified as encompassing the modern UAE and Oman. This contact persisted and became wider, probably motivated by the trade in copper from the Hajar Mountains, which commenced around 3,000 BCE. In time lively trading links developed with civilisations in Mesopotamia, Iran and the Harappan culture of the Indus Valley. Stone tools recovered reveal a settlement of people from Africa some 127,000 years ago and a stone tool used for butchering animals discovered on the Arabian coast suggests an even older habitation from 130,000 years ago. Main articles: Umm Al Nar culture and Wadi Suq culture 2nd century BCE era jar found in Mleiha Archaeological site in Sharjah. Individual rights such as the freedoms of assembly, association, the press, expression, and religion are also severely repressed. Human rights organisations consider the UAE substandard on human rights, citing reports of government critics being imprisoned and tortured, families harassed by the state security apparatus, and cases of forced disappearances. ![]() It is among the first Arab countries expected to join BRICS on 1 January 2024 (along with Egypt and Saudi Arabia). The UAE is also a dialogue partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. It is a member of the United Nations, Arab League, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, OPEC, Non-Aligned Movement, World Trade Organization and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). In the 21st century, the country has become less reliant on oil and gas and is economically focusing on tourism and business. The United Arab Emirates has the most diversified economy among the members of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, ruler of Abu Dhabi and the country's first president, oversaw the development of the Emirates by investing oil revenues into healthcare, education, and infrastructure. The United Arab Emirates' oil and natural gas reserves are the world's sixth and seventh-largest, respectively. Islam is the official religion and Arabic is the official language. As of 2023, the United Arab Emirates has an estimated population of roughly 10.2 million. In 2013, the country had a population of 9.2 million, of which 1.4 million were Emirati citizens and 7.8 million were expatriates. In practice, the ruler of Abu Dhabi serves as president while the ruler of Dubai is vice president and also prime minister. The members of the Federal Supreme Council elect a president (as of, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan) and vice president ( Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum and Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan) from among their members. Each emirate is an absolute monarchy governed by a ruler, and together the rulers form the Federal Supreme Council. The United Arab Emirates is an elective monarchy formed from a federation of seven emirates, consisting of Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras Al Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain. Abu Dhabi is the nation's capital, while Dubai, the most populous city, is an international hub. It is located at the eastern end of the Arabian Peninsula and shares borders with Oman and Saudi Arabia, while also having maritime borders in the Persian Gulf with Qatar and Iran. The United Arab Emirates ( Arabic: الإمارات العربية المتحدة, romanized: al-ʾImārāt al-ʿArabiyya l-Muttaḥida UAE), or simply the Emirates ( Arabic: الإمارات, romanized: al-ʾImārāt), is a country in West Asia, in the Middle East.
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